Rinascimento albanese

Il Rinascimento Nazionale Albanese (in albanese: Rilindja o Rilindja Kombëtare), comunemente noto come Rinascimento Albanese o Risveglio Albanese, è un periodo che attraversa il XIX e XX secolo, caratterizzato da un movimento culturale, politico e sociale nella storia albanese, durante il quale il popolo albanese ha raccolto le forze per stabilire una vita culturale e politica indipendente, nonché lo Stato dell'Albania.^[1]

Prima dell'affermarsi del nazionalismo, l'Albania rimase sotto il dominio dell'Impero Ottomano per quasi cinque secoli e le autorità ottomane sopprimevano qualsiasi espressione di unità nazionale o coscienza nazionale istituzionale da parte del popolo albanese. C'è un dibattito tra gli esperti su quando dovrebbe essere considerato l'inizio del movimento nazionalista albanese. Alcune fonti attribuiscono le sue origini alle rivolte contro la centralizzazione negli anni '30 del XIX secolo,^[2] altre alla pubblicazione del primo tentativo di Naum Veqilharxhi di creare un alfabeto standardizzato per l'albanese nel 1844,^[3]^[4]^[5] oppure al crollo della Lega di Prizren durante la Crisi Orientale del 1881. Sono emerse varie posizioni di compromesso tra queste tre tesi, ad esempio una visione che sostiene che il nazionalismo albanese avesse radici più antiche ma si "consolidò" come movimento durante la Crisi Orientale (1878-1881).^[6]

Un'altra visione è che le radici del nazionalismo albanese "germogliarono" nelle riforme dei primi decenni del XIX secolo,^[7] e che il nazionalismo albanese emerse adeguatamente negli anni '30 e '40 del XIX secolo,^[8] quando era un movimento romantico per la riforma sociale inizialmente guidato principalmente da albanesi che pubblicavano dall'estero; si trasformò in un movimento nazionale politico esplicito negli anni '70 del XIX secolo.^[9] Il 20 dicembre 1912, la Conferenza degli Ambasciatori a Londra riconobbe un'Albania indipendente entro i suoi confini attuali.^[10]

^ Michael Hurst, 7. The Albanian National Awakening, 1878–1912. By Stavro Skendi. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 1968. Pp. 498. 110s., in The Historical Journal, vol. 12, n. 2, 1969, pp. 380–383, DOI:10.1017/S0018246X00004416.
^ Jonilda Rrapaj e Klevis Kolasi, The Curious Case of Albanian Nationalism: the Crooked Line from a Scattered Array of Clans to a Nation-State, in The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, vol. 44, Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science, 2013, p. 195, DOI:10.1501/intrel_0000000290.
«In the Albanian case as we will see below, we can argue that Phase A, generally speaking, covers the period from the beginning of the Reforms of Tanzimat or the publication of first the Albanian alphabet in 1844 as a symbolic date, until the collapse of the League of Prizren (1881) or the publication of Sami Frashëri's nationalist manifest in 1899»
^ (SQ) Enis Sulstarova, Naum Veqilharxhi dhe lindja e kombit [Naum Veqilharxhi and the birth of the nation], Pashtriku. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2014.
«Naum Veqilharxhi is considered the avant-garde and first ideologue of the National Awakening, because his work results in one of the first attempts for an original Albanian alphabet (1844 and 1845), as well as contains an embryo form of the ideas which would develop later on during the National Renaissance. [Naum Veqilharxhi është konsideruar si pararendësi dhe ideologu i parë i Rilindjes Kombëtare Shqiptare, sepse vepra e tij përbën një nga përpjekjet e para për një alfabet origjinal të shqipes (1844 dhe 1845), si edhe përmban në trajtë embrionale idetë që do të zhvilloheshin më vonë gjatë periudhës së Rilindjes.]»
^ (SQ) Fedhon Meksi, Naum Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqipe [Naum Veqilharxhi, the father of Albanian alphabet and ABC-book], 21 ottobre 2011. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 dicembre 2014).
^ Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). "Albanian Identities". Sofia: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Page 24: "It is assumed that the beginning of the Albanian Revival was set by Naum Veqilharxhi's activity and his address to the Orthodox Albanians, which, along with his primer published in 1845, was the first programme document of the Albanian national movement. In it Veqilharxhi demanded Albanian schools and development of the Albanian language as a first step to the evolution of the Albanian people side by side with the other Balkan nations"
^ Pahumi, Nevila. "The Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism: The League of Prizren 1878-1881". Page 7.
^ Misha, Piro. Invention of a Nationalism. In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), Albanian Identities. Page 34
^ Misha, Piro. "Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia". In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), Albanian Identities. Page 33: "The beginnings of the Albanian national awakening, better known as the 'Albanian National Renaissance' (rilindja), took place during the 1830s and 1840s... at least in its beginnings, the Albanian national movement did not differ much from any other national movement in the region
^ Piro Misha. Invention of a Nationalism. In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), Albanian Identities. Page 39
^ Richard C. Hall, The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: prelude to the First World War

[1] Michael Hurst, 7. The Albanian National Awakening, 1878–1912. By Stavro Skendi. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 1968. Pp. 498. 110s., in The Historical Journal, vol. 12, n. 2, 1969, pp. 380–383, DOI:10.1017/S0018246X00004416.

[Rrapaj195-2] Jonilda Rrapaj e Klevis Kolasi, The Curious Case of Albanian Nationalism: the Crooked Line from a Scattered Array of Clans to a Nation-State, in The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, vol. 44, Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science, 2013, p. 195, DOI:10.1501/intrel_0000000290.
«In the Albanian case as we will see below, we can argue that Phase A, generally speaking, covers the period from the beginning of the Reforms of Tanzimat or the publication of first the Albanian alphabet in 1844 as a symbolic date, until the collapse of the League of Prizren (1881) or the publication of Sami Frashëri's nationalist manifest in 1899»

[pashtriku.org-3] (SQ) Enis Sulstarova, Naum Veqilharxhi dhe lindja e kombit [Naum Veqilharxhi and the birth of the nation], Pashtriku. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2014.
«Naum Veqilharxhi is considered the avant-garde and first ideologue of the National Awakening, because his work results in one of the first attempts for an original Albanian alphabet (1844 and 1845), as well as contains an embryo form of the ideas which would develop later on during the National Renaissance. [Naum Veqilharxhi është konsideruar si pararendësi dhe ideologu i parë i Rilindjes Kombëtare Shqiptare, sepse vepra e tij përbën një nga përpjekjet e para për një alfabet origjinal të shqipes (1844 dhe 1845), si edhe përmban në trajtë embrionale idetë që do të zhvilloheshin më vonë gjatë periudhës së Rilindjes.]»

[panorama.com.al-4] (SQ) Fedhon Meksi, Naum Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqipe [Naum Veqilharxhi, the father of Albanian alphabet and ABC-book], 21 ottobre 2011. URL consultato il 1º dicembre 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 dicembre 2014).

[Zhelyazkova33-5] Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). "Albanian Identities". Sofia: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Page 24: "It is assumed that the beginning of the Albanian Revival was set by Naum Veqilharxhi's activity and his address to the Orthodox Albanians, which, along with his primer published in 1845, was the first programme document of the Albanian national movement. In it Veqilharxhi demanded Albanian schools and development of the Albanian language as a first step to the evolution of the Albanian people side by side with the other Balkan nations"

[PahumiRoot-6] Pahumi, Nevila. "The Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism: The League of Prizren 1878-1881". Page 7.

[Misha,_Piro_2002_Page_34-7] Misha, Piro. Invention of a Nationalism. In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), Albanian Identities. Page 34

[Misha,_Piro_2002_Page_33-8] Misha, Piro. "Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia". In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), Albanian Identities. Page 33: "The beginnings of the Albanian national awakening, better known as the 'Albanian National Renaissance' (rilindja), took place during the 1830s and 1840s... at least in its beginnings, the Albanian national movement did not differ much from any other national movement in the region

[Misha39-9] Piro Misha. Invention of a Nationalism. In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), Albanian Identities. Page 39

[Hall-10] Richard C. Hall, The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: prelude to the First World War

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